College is the local education organizations, the Song Dynasty. The name first appeared in the Tang Dynasty, the College, but the development in the Song Dynasty. Initially, the College Hall for the private school. Originally rich room, the scholar fund-raising, quiet place in the forest school building construction, or home school field rental, to fully fund. At that time, the College has known the White Deer Hollow Academy Lushan in Jiangxi, Hunan Changsha Yuelu Academy, Shangqiu the should-day College, Hengyang, Hunan, Shek Kwu Shek Kwu Mountain College, Henan Dengfeng too much room so Songyang Academy Hill. Given by the court after the reform and open places, books, and assigned instructors and funding allocation of Rebellion, etc., and gradually become semi-public semi-official nature of the local education organizations. Ren Qing calendar year, school officials around the state capital were built, some of the College merged with the official school. Shenzong, the court will be the College of money, food shall be allocated to state school, the college was declining.
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College, the education system is different from the ancient East Asia, another official school education system. Song to the Qing
the emergence of a separate educational institutions, private or official teaching of the disciples together established to study the place of learning, the College is a four famous Song: The White Deer Hollow Academy of Jiangxi Lushan, Shanhua Yuelu Academy of Hunan, Hengyang, Hunan and Henan College Shek Kwu Shangqiu should Tianfu College. Wuxi Ming Dynasty, the China's first government-run
College began in the Tang Dynasty, the Kaiyuan six years (718 years) created by Emperor Li was revised by the College.
Song Academy and the charge that began in South Du Fu Fan Zhongyan school [1] [2], in particular after the New Deal in the Northern Song Dynasty prospered. This is when the four College of view. To the Southern Song Dynasty were much more vigorous, presided over the extension of Daru, a Science College.
Yuan Dynasty, more prosperous college system, more specifically about science of Neo and Neo-Confucian Song for worship. College to Decline Ming Dynasty, Wang Yangming out until the College is once again thriving. Then Shuyuan for criticizing current affairs, the bogey was in power, the Ming emperors, Zhang had destroyed all College, especially the Donglin Academy event, do destroy the world 书院 Wei Zhongxian, the College is a big decline. White
Manchu China, the College saved their strength, worse than the rest afraid, continue to curb the College. Ten year of Yongzheng (1733), formally established the provinces explicitly College, shift to encourage the attitude, the College gradually Hing; However, regardless of government and private,UGGs, are subject to government supervision, with no freedom of teaching when the Song and Yuan Dynasties.
until the Hundred Days Reform, China's Academy all but disappeared.
starting from the Republic of China's Hong Kong and Taiwan have different school called
①, the central official establishment, for the collection, collation and finishing a book institutions.
②, civil establishment, the place for personal study scholarship. Starting from the Song Dynasty, the College was officially formed as an educational system. ③, also called Random House, such as Lu Xun's Sanweishuwu. 1. Tang: Central Secretariat repair book or Shijiang institutions. Kaiyuan reign of six years Qianyuan change, Lai Cheng Shiu Institute College, Laguna is revised to change ten years as a Mandarin College Hall College, BA set, straight bachelor, Shi Du degree, Xiuzhuan official, palm TV series by nationality, for hidden suicide note, identify the institutions to prepare for consultant response. See Song Wangpu 2. Song to Qing: the establishment of private or official for human reading, lecture premises, a personal chair. Song of the College to talk about mainly by the membership, the most famous are White Deer, Shek Kwu (some say as Songyang), should be days, Yuelu four College; Yuan College throughout the various quarters, state, government; Ming College more , but mostly designed for industry study cited. Twenty seven years after the Qing dynasty, change the national provincial, county and college for the school, the college the name of Sui Fei. See Sung Ying-lin
Edit this paragraph to the history of the late Tang and Five
during the frequent wars, the decline of official school, many scholars fled to the mountains, preaching then imitating Buddhist temple founded the College system, the formation of a feudal society in China unique educational organization. College is to implement the collection, which combined teaching and research institutions of higher education. Sprouting in the Tang College System, complete with the Song, abolished in the Qing Dynasty, after more than a thousand years of history, College of Chinese feudal society
the development of education and culture had an important impact. Northern Song Dynasty, to the increasing number of college-based lectures. Southern Song Dynasty, with the development of Science, the College has become the place school activities. Song of the most famous are four College: Jiangxi Lushan Bailudong College, Changsha, Hunan Yuelu Academy, Henan Shangqiu should Tianfu College, Henan Dengfeng Songyang Academy. Most are self-financing college, school construction. Teaching to self-learning, joint workshops and instructor in the form of a combination to self-oriented. It is characterized to educate and train people of knowledge and virtue, not to get fame examination. The development of the Ming Dynasty to the College by more than twelve hundred, but some of which are government-run College. Some private colleges, free lectures, attacking current problems, as places of public opinion and political thinking. Most notably Donglin Academy in Wuxi, Jiangsu. Ming control class has destroyed banned hospital has 4 times, but the College has a strong vitality, but not absolutely destroyed several times, in the harsh political oppression, the college students rather die than surrender. Donglin Academy couplet says: same, as established by Zhang Wuchang, Hubei and Hunan in the College, Guangzhou Yuexiu Academy and so on. Twenty-seven years into the dynasty (1901) edict to the provinces of College Hall, the House, the Office of the State College Zhili to the school, the College of the counties to the small school. Thus, the College withdrew from the stage of history. Edit this paragraph
history
of Academies in the name of the College began in the Tang Dynasty, sub-official and private categories. Private College, a private study in the initial study, nine Tang Dynasty (635) Zhang Jiuzong in Suining County College, a private college for the older. Government College,UGG boots, is the official beginning of repair books, school books or occasional preaching College
place for the emperor. Emperor Kaiyuan six years (718) will be renamed as the Korea Institute Qianyuan Shiu College. Mandarin Palace ten years it was changed to College. Only truly together in the Five College lecture the end of the nature of the basic form, the main train students to take the imperial examinations.
College
Northern Song Dynasty, produced a large number of private teaching academy. Start to appear Bailudong, Yuelu, Sui Yang (Ying Tian Fu), Songyang, Shek Kwu, Maoshan, Xiangshan, etc. College. White Deer Cave which, Yuelu, Sui Yang (to be Tianfu), Songyang Academy and known as the four ancient Chinese College. To Ren Dynasty, more influential in early Northern Song Academy all but disappeared. Xining four years (1071) the court sent directly to the state science professor at the College and the County School to weaken. Professor seven states will be incorporated into the State College school. The early Southern Song Dynasty, Zhang, Zhu Xi, Zuqian, Jiuyuan and other scholars began to repair the College, and became the base for school activities and teaching place. Methodism (1224 ~ 1264) reign, as the orthodox doctrine of the Science, College of Science Education and a Master Zhu Xi and other inherited estate is official. King set the first year (1260), the formal adoption of examinations or graduate from Imperial College officials in each state of the College to become a long hill, the court to take control of the College. Yuan Yuan Yuan College
twenty-eight (1291) Khan ordered by setting up the first College, the public has established a voluntary sponsorship money, food science, but also stand for the College. Protection decree after several academies and Temple School and college, etc as official school, the College Hill are long as school officials, is the academic study of the official start. Yuan will be extended to the Science Academy and the northern region, shortening the gap between north and south culture, and create a College 296, Old School Song with repair, the total number to 408. But subject to very strict government control, debates and lectures without contention characteristics of the College. College
early Ming Ming, the Song and Yuan retained College, was converted into a multi-local schools and community schools. Chenghua, Xing Fu Hongzhi gradually after the College. Jiajing sixteen years (1537) to the Ming emperors ordered the destruction of College Science Initiative evil world record private College. College spent seventeen years in property, of the College
Banned Again Official Education College. To Jiajing Dynasty, Cabinet Minister Xu Jie Academies promote the College to resume. Wanli seven years (1579) Jang power, unity of thought in the name of the National Academy Banned ordered. After his death, the College began to prevail. Revealed five years (1625) ordered the demolition of the world Wei Zhongxian College, resulting in a Chongzhen Di ascended the throne after the College will resume. College during the 2000 total, of which there are 1699 newly created, there has been Chen Xianzhang, Wang Shou-ren and other schools. Ming College is divided into two categories: a re-teaching, examination of the examination-style College, with the official school; the other is the combination of teaching and research, the school will be speaking to each other in this, ask difficult, will be speaking style debate College. The latter mostly Banned rulers.
5
Qing Qing Dynasty rulers suppressed the development of the College to make Officialization. Junji nine years (1652) prohibits private innovation College. Ten year of Yongzheng (1733) set the provincial city of College and after the government, state and county have created the College. Qianlong period, government College soar. Most college courses to become a center of the imperial examination preparatory schools. Twenty-seven years Guangxu (1901) is to make the College School, College, to an end. Qing Dynasty is divided into three categories: First Chinese moral principles and the science of statecraft; second examination to test the main, the main system of arts learning stereotyped; the third to rush the spirit of promoting academic research study. Edit this paragraph
College College library has a long history in China, which originated from the Tang, Song Sheng, the decline in the late Qing Dynasty, which lasted Thousand Years, in China's feudal society, a unique educational organization, unique in the history of educational development in the world, its post-feudal society of China Academy
academic and cultural development, personnel training, has played a huge role in the promotion. Books for college offerings and lectures constitute the As an important collection of ancient content and features of the College, the College collection of ancient books and thus become an important type in, and official collections, private collections, together with the monastery library, and as the cause of the four pillars of the ancient books.
College Library in College and the book originated
inextricably close links. Song scholar Wang Ying-lin's College is a low wall with a circle around the building up of the collection formed, it seems that the ancient library, most people would often word, may be to adopt the meaning. College can be traced to the seeds of the Han Dynasty, the Han Dynasty's Ji Wei Wudi Three Kingdoms Han's College can not be counted as real. The name of the Academy began in the Tang Dynasty. With the extensive use of paper and the development of woodblock printing, books, more and more to be built to accommodate a larger collection of yard to facilitate the reader, thus a true sense of the Ouyang Xuan Yuan Dynasty in the College. and Yousi officials set to rule, the system then, as the school ... ... Tang Dynasty established the first government-run college is Lai Ching School and Mandarin College. Private Office of the College are Zhang Jiuzong College, College of the gate, etc.. College is the early Tang Dynasty government-run repair books, Shijiang place. After years of war, Tang Wang Zhaoli undone when the country, for unity of thinking, prosperous culture, a more urgent by the membership to collect, collate and organize. Kaiyuan, in the national collection in the private collection of books, collected a total of sixty thousand books, fifty-one thousand eight hundred and fifty two volumes, not including Buddhist, Taoist scriptures, etc., not only much higher than the previous generation, collection is the most abundant during the Tang Dynasty. In order to better organize your books, in addition to collection agencies and schools in the state organs of the book, work. Kaiyuan six years (AD 718) Li Shiu College, established ten years was renamed the Mandarin Hall College. Poet Yuan Mei in the Qing Dynasty, . . The rise of the Tang Dynasty also created a number of private academies. Such as Zhang Jiuzong College, according to records, the College Most of these college scholarship to study just reading the local people themselves, but there are also some college teaching and learning activities, and significant numbers of books. large-scale development should be said in the Song Dynasty. After a period of the early Northern Song Dynasty recuperate, become more powerful national strength, gentlemen with school reading requirements. The court engaged in martial arts, sometimes attend to culture, education, and lacks the financial resources to set up enough schools to meet the requirements of Scholars around. Therefore, local Mingru, scholars and local officials, have the construction of the College, to nurture talent. At that time a large number of well-known College, such as the White Deer Hollow Academy, should Tianfu College, Yuelu Academy, Songyang Academy, etc. It is in this context to establish and develop. Zuqian in the rate of up to tens of hundreds of people. Songyang, Yuelu, Sui Yang, and is the hole for particular persons, the so-called four-College who is also the world. favorable conditions. Local officials of the College's efforts to host and operate the College, gathered books, some of the Northern Song dynasty, College Banci also a lot of books. At this time the College is very rich collection of books. For example, one of four College should Tianfu College, the establishment of Yan Chuan recorded, and visit the board to find in public and private entrants, who have thousands of volumes. To the late Northern Song Dynasty, rulers in order to more directly control personnel, attached great importance to examination, reinvigorate the school, left out of the College. In this context, the college began to decline. To the Southern Song Dynasty, culture and change. First of all, the late Northern Song Dynasty set up the school soon became the official examination of the client and the College
tool for political struggle, it's increasingly corrupt. In addition, the school official bear all expenses, and then the official within the peasant uprising of worry, outside the Liao, Jin and the threat of invasion, money is stretched, school funding is often inadequate. Once again, this time to Zhu Xi, Lu Jiuyuan represented by the growing popularity of Confucianism in the social, physical activities at home their lectures active. So there is a big way and the climax of the College. Song of the College is actually a study about the College of Science, Southern College of Science to preach mainly by propagation. College, high social status was a significant influence. There are a total of 397 Song Academy, of which about 22% of the Northern Song, Southern Song Dynasty about 78%, we can see very rapid development of Southern Song Dynasty. Yuan Meng Gunan under rulers from the Central Plains, out to ease class conflict, the need for cultural control of very great importance to education,UGG shoes, one of its performance is strong proponent of science, Academy Awards, which the College has also been in the Yuan Dynasty great development. On the other hand, strict official control of the College, free lectures atmosphere is not thick, the college is full of official school gas. Yuan is the main source of college books college books carved their own, private donations and the College funded the purchase, the court gave no written historical records. College Collection development is slow. Early Ming Dynasty, the college still maintains the size of the Yuan Dynasty. To Jiajing, with the imperial examination system, many abuses, official corruption and the growing school, a group of scholar-officials to re-promote free lectures, the college that she flourished. Was a famous Neo-Confucian Wang Shou-ren, ZHAN has extensive batch of disciples in the country, preaching Tuition, the establishment of the College, the College accomplishing both academic research centers, but also teaching institutions. As Wang, Zhan and others advocate, the College has entered a peak period of construction. Attention to the ruling class, but class examination system, students only call for the world Lapping Confucian classics, do not advocate extensively, being reckless reading. Affected by the impact of social environment, so the College are numerous, well-stocked few and far between; In addition, Ming College of Education to ignored. Wang, Zhan inherit their aspirations of students in the country have established College, then Shuyuan more and more diffuse the culture of free lectures, some of the famous academy often has finally become the center of public opinion, commented on current events, council politics. This was the suspicion of those in power, launched four cases Banned Academy, of which the right to official persecution Donglin Wei Zhongxian the case for the most, the world's reading seemed to be consumed seeds instant done. After the case of Dong Lin, Ming College, this devastated. To the Qing rulers introduced a policy of harsh cultural restraints, they are afraid of the freedom of college lectures wind will shake the foundation of its rule, strict control on the activities of the College. To the Qianlong and Jiaqing, perhaps taking into account the impact of long Academy, forbidden as sparse, College
ruler and change the cultural control strategies, instead pushed to do a large College; combined academic re-Qing philology, textual needs wide differences in this search, survey the public at home than on the great demand for literature, the college library has gradually flourished. College Collection of Books in the Qing Dynasty, more than any previous dynasty, the main reasons are the foundation of philology, heavy classics, history, books and more court officials give thanks to the book, coupled with more and more self-inscribed books, college books temporarily fill volumes. Later, with the rapid collapse of the feudal system, the College system also gradually disintegrated. Twenty-seven years Guangxu (1901), the College is set to change schools, the provincial capital located a large school, the government re-established in the United States school Zhili, the counties re-established small school, and are situated Mung Yeung School. Thus, the rise of the College from the Tang Dynasty, regarded as essential to this end. All books will be one after another as college libraries around the reception. Only very few of the College (such as rose extract Shenyang College) continued into the 20th century, the age of 20. College book not only to teach the business owner, no book that is not a College. And therefore are more concerned about the College history books, all to be proud of the rich collection of ho, but limited to the environment and conditions, in the library on the scale of the difference in size only. College of Education College library is an indispensable condition. Book collection, collation and distribution, always lecturing for the College service activities, an overview of the history of ancient China College, College education can be seen that the rise and fall with the Academy's development is closely related to the collection.
source
College library building rich college books, often relentlessly for hidden and need to accumulate more Always in search of the book source. Song Qiao made the first of eight books and find a method, a greater impact Books Interview dynasties. To sum up, the college library sources generally have the following. 3.1 donation. This is the main source of the College library. Donate books to the College, is the ancient tradition, although the number of donated books ranging from the purpose of donations vary, but they are for the rich collection of books made important contributions to the College. 3.1.1 give the book the emperor. The emperor gave the book has been a major source of the College library. College is often relatively free of ideology, the rulers of those sub-text in order to control their thoughts, and to win over the people, to achieve the purpose of maintaining the feudal rule, often give the book to the College, is giving more thought to represent the orthodox usurped Royal, Imperial and carved by the official history books. Song of the four well-known than King's College School have been given
book. Such as One is automatic. Second, Shuqing, such as the Song Dynasty Xianfeng years (AD 999), the Hunan Yuelu Academy of Lee Youn, memorial petitioned the court gave the book, the results of the Emperor bestowed the Third, the use of public banks to buy. In feudal society, the 3.1.2 Donated officials. Local officials in order to win the elegant, to being civilized, often donating books to the College. College officials also sometimes out for the local squire raised. If in the Jiangsu Academy of Anhui This donation from the Song to the Qing Dynasty has been an endless stream. As mentioned above the door Tang Yi Chen Gun, thousands of volumes have been written together, Dean Xian construction of the gate in the College. Southern Song Dynasty, Zhu Xi himself the possession of Qing Emperor Kangxi, the Wong Sze training school, donated to buy classics, history, poetry volumes to thousands of Nanchang Yuzhang College, Leizhou prefect of books to five thousand volumes to Wong Kam Lei Yang College. 3.1.3 Private Book Donation. College is a private real, tend to rely on its facilities, including collections of private friendship presiding College to receive. Such as Zhu Xi, College Sing, by sending the reservoir, to prepare scholars to see Reading. take the lead in donations, Donated by donations of time, book donations are personal status, academic level, the different interests, and became rich. Some scholars have donated personal new book on the College to carry out academic exchange and improve the level of research extremely helpful. 3.2 Purchase and inscribed his book College. The feudal rulers, in order to maintain their own rule, encourage setting College, and the allocation of land for study in order to maintain. College operates the industry to support the output of their own cultural activities. Have the ability to purchase and engraving of the College library, the books usually quantity, quality, variety, rich in content, unique. 3.2.1 College purchase books. College library service in teaching, divination witch doctors generally will not buy books like planting trees, nor complete version of deliberately pursue book collector or seventies version, but according to their own needs, economic conditions, selectively focusing on the teaching content purchase. Yuelu Academy has suffered from to send people to the south and other places to purchase textbooks. Such as the volume history of thousands of group membership, to serve vertical and Reading. 3.2.2 College printed books. Song invented the rigid printing, great use of the technology college. College is gathering place for literati and scholars, they can repeat their collation of the book inscribed, so to publish high quality books. In addition, the College developed and inscribed the book industry is closely related to the development of jurisprudence. From the Song Dynasty, most of all on behalf of the Academy of Science study and explain the place, coupled with the maturity and development of imperial examination system, the Confucian classics scholar has become the main textbook. Additionally, the generation of rulers in order to enhance control and encourage the college setting, sometimes the allocation of land for study in order to charge the capital, the college through a variety of business activities, also received a certain moment the book expenses. Lize Academy engraved as Sima Guang Song, , hospital instruments were carved Ming Dynasty to the White Deer Hollow Academy Engraving, Tsung Tsin College, such as the famous Donglin Academy, in particular, a collection of Donglin Academy in Wuxi, engraved books, mostly science of the country by the world economy, high regard for the people at home and school. Engraving Qing Dynasty reached a historical high point, of which Guangzhou Guangya College, Xue-Hai Tong College, Chengdu, as the famous statue by the Academy, they stamped the books, not only complement our hospital library, and selling the country. 3.2.3 College copying books. Song of the Day College classes are hand-written scriptures. Liu, type in the Southern Tang Bailudong when read, had hand-written off This is just a Shiyibuque approach.
College Collection features a collection of ancient Chinese features of library building, except by publication, academic and other factors, but also often depends on the different purposes of collection, interest and economic conditions. College library is to effectively meet the college course content, student services for the College set up a Therefore, the college library has a strong commonality in the content of specific performance to classics, history, books and other school-based reference, the version based on the Tongxing Ben. 4.1 Confucian classics is the most important content of China's feudal education. Therefore, the basic material is the College Classics, the so-called After the comment again, study some books Six regarded as Aside from these basic books, college books college because of all the teaching content, academic genre, geographical location differ according to, or committed to rhetoric, or commitment to school, or committed to economic, or place emphasis on the adoption of work, the distinctive. Such as requiring students Yuelu Academy Another example is the Qing Peng County, Sichuan Jiufeng College, teaching materials except Modern Western Learning, many of the College meet the social change, update teaching content. Westernization Zhang Wuchang in Hubei Hunan and Hubei College, established in the collections. The modern Shanghai Polytechnic Institution to the Western natural science and technology-based workshops, but also because of the involvement of foreigners Fryer, east and west of its collection of one-third of the book translated. College is the college library is a teaching tool, so the College will not be out of teaching content collections of books, witch doctors, fortune, Sangma and other practical books, not in the collections within. 4.2 The College does not pursue collection of the precious version. Because it is different from private collections. The purpose of the private collection of home preservation, appreciation of cultural or textual collation, so special attention to version. The College library was the need for teaching, which fundamentally determines the prevailing version of its pursuit of the characteristics of the teaching collection and inscribed books as the focus. And, as mentioned above, the source of several ways the College library, but also limits the collection can not be one-sided pursuit of the College version. Overall, the college library from the scale, variety, or both versions can not compared to other types of books,Discount UGG boots, books can not, as some countries, private collections in general, better able to survive, but as time wastage flooded off. But, as Mr. Tan Zhuoyuan in the great impact on academic happened. protection, which is a collection of Academy building focus. However, as readers of books for the college students and some local hospital on the reader, it is not only to preservation, is used for the convenience of the reader's College, it will not national, private and hospital collections like that too closed management methods with the formation of a public nature, open college library system. Such as See you out the spirit of Fukuzawa, see you out at the customs people, is the true role of books, Feitu For voluminous, and the million-axis gem, as the extravagant terms also boast more fighting. the role of insight. 5.1 Management staff. General College are equipped with specialized staff to manage, copy books, is responsible for the purchase of books, cataloging, registration, circulation, cleaning, repair and so on. Chinese Academy professional level management personnel should be said is very high. Bailudong College should be most important early Southern Song Dynasty set up a Zhu Xi was presided College, developed a detailed collection management system, with As for the large-scale collation, cleaning, exposure, etc., on temporary staff by the mountains and organizations. College at the time because of this reputation, so its collection management system, the College will extend throughout the country, and extend to future generations. Song Yuelu College Hospital as a College Collection Project .
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